The Dumbing Down of American Fiction :: English Literature Fiction Books Essays

Moralirtys Fickle Mind :: social issues

Moralirty's Fickle Mind If somebody somehow managed to ask what ethical quality is, what might one say? Some may consider it trustworthiness and fairness, and others may consider it to be genuineness and openness. Nonetheless, by differentiating what was good, and indecent previously, one can obviously observe that people’s idea of ethical quality changes after some time. Under what conditions that this reasonable change happens, one may never know. What many accept is that ethical quality and indecency together have molded both reasoning and society all in all, as it keeps on being the â€Å"guiding light† under numerous conditions. One case of our ethical quality based society substantiates itself through history. Servitude went on for more than 400 years. It is evident that cruel treatment of this way went on for such a significant stretch of time since this sort of reasoning was acknowledged during those occasions. When unmistakably this kind of treatment wasn't right, numerous people’s perspectives (other than blacks) changed toward the treatment of African Americans, so obviously ethical quality assumed a key job in the reasoning procedure and the result of how one race commanded another and what the outcome was. In any case, one should likewise consider the way that the rich and incredible have significant impacts over lifestyle; this is clear despite the fact that an equitable society. The general overwhelming of one individuals or race over another despite everything keeps going right up 'til the present time, as it is clear through the Palestinian and Israeli clash. Another case of how society has been formed by ethical quality and impropriety is the way that shamelessness drove explorers from a â€Å"immoral† government and drove them to make a â€Å"moral† sort of government all alone. Be that as it may, despite the fact that profound quality appears to lead society a general decent way, for example, bringing down Hitler’s armed force, it doesn't generally prompt the best result as a rule, for example, the taking over of littler nations by the US, or restoring capital punishment. Despite the fact that this legislature was made from a lesser, more regrettable government, profound quality despite everything is taking a couple of goes to make it the most ideal government with corrections and laws. An industrialist society may not generally advantage us, all together, in all the most ideal ways. However, as should be obvious, it is as yet evident that ethical quality, regardless of whether it is the profound quality of the ric h and incredible, shapes our method of living.

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Introducing MyTeacherVision â€" A Platform Built Just for You With over 20,000 learning resources to choose from, MyTeacherVision is a powerful new way to discover and manage the TeacherVision content that’s most relevant to your needs. Welcome to your new home on TeacherVision! Using MyTeacherVision, you can: Discover resources created with you and your students in mind. MyTeacherVision is your new one-stop classroom shopâ€"a place where you can plan your day, quickly find the materials you need, and get recommendations based on your interests as a teacherâ€"and setting it up couldn’t be easier. Simply fill out your profile to begin receiving new, handpicked content every morning.   Start each day with the “Today” page. The “Today” page is a newsfeed made just for teachers. Powered by our Morning Announcements blog, “Today” is where you’ll discover all of the day’s important events, read the latest articles by fellow teachers and education experts, and find timely resources to bring it all into your classroom.   Access the Teacher’s Survival Guide. Teaching isn’t only about helping your students. It’s also about you, the teacher! The “Teacher’s Survival Guide” page is chock full of resources designed to empower and inspire you as a teacher. Curated by our editors, every piece of content is chosen specifically to help you become a better educator.   Use TeacherVision resources in a whole new way. Find everything you need quicklyâ€"and on any device. With MyTeacherVision, you can now view your site history, manage your lesson plans, and share your favorite content all in one place. It’s a revolutionary way to utilize the resources that millions of teachers trust TeacherVision to provide. Get instant access to MyTeacherVision when you sign up for any of TeacherVision's paid membership plans.

Special Forces Soldiers Used in Book, The Ugly American by...

Special Forces soldiers work in foreign lands with situations which are not always completely clear from its beginning. The Special Operation Imperatives serve as the base for success by providing the framework to develop and assist the host nation in achieving their desired goals. Through this essay I will use the novel â€Å"The Ugly American† (William J. Lederer Eugene Burdick) to provide context to the benefits of applying such imperatives and the consequences of improper application. I will bring to light the actions of the characters and depict the reasons why the application of the imperative made the character succeed or fail in his desired goal. The first character that I will discuss is Honorable Louis Sears, American Ambassador to†¦show more content†¦He informed the prince that he personally did not care about the resemblance to him in the picture, but proclaiming that it hurt relations between the two countries. The prince, aware of Sears’ shallowness, directed a positive article to be published in order to relieve tensions. A third failure in understanding the operational environment occurred when Sears coordinated the delivery of rice from Haidho to the stricken area in Sarkhan. His lack of understanding of the Sarkhanese and communist tactics was reciprocated by his subordinates. The latter became evident when the rice bags were labeled as if coming from the communists and no USIS employee realized what it meant. In addition, there was no effort from US employees to talk or interact with locals at the destination. The confusion led the Sarkhanese to believe that the rice bags in fact were provided by the communists. A good description of Sears’ failure in understanding the operational environment was provided by Ambassador Louis Krupitzyn on his report to Moscow. Krupitzyn wrote how Sears kept his subordinates away from the Sarkhanese and didn’t allow them to â€Å"go into the hills.† This disconnect between the American employees and the Sarkhanese provided Moscow with the ability to freely connect with the population and turn the table

Reagan Essay examples - 795 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ronald Reagan, the fortieth president of the United States of America, was arguably the best president the United States has ever had. Raised in rural Illinois, Reagan grew up as country boy, and kept his ideals and faith through his presidency. Reagan never faltered when he dealt with communism, dealt with a slipping economy, or in any other foreign affairs. His strong convictions led him to being one of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States. (Thomas, 22) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before he was officially in politics, President Reagan was still very involved in the political process. Reagan started his life as a Democrat. Reagan’s father, a staunch Democrat, influenced Reagan†¦show more content†¦This is the issue of this election: Whether we believe in our capacity for self-government or whether we abandon the American Revolution and confess that a little intellectual elite in a far-distant capital can plan our lives for us better than we can plan them ourselves. (Reagan, 3) This became one of the staples of President Reagan’s policies. After this monumental speech, Reagan was approached by businessmen and asked to run for governor of California, to which he obliged. In 1966, Reagan ran against the incumbent governor, Edmund G. Brown, and won by a landslide. Reagan won by over a million votes. (Reagan, 1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Then governor Reagan showed he was a very competent governor. By showing his economic knowledge, Reagan left office with a five hundred fifty million-dollar surplus. In May of 1969, Reagan called in the National Guard to suppress violence in Berkeley. 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Nancy was born to Kenneth Seymour Robbins and Edith P. Luckett. Her parents got divorced shortly after marriage. HerRead MoreRonald Reagan1535 Words   |  7 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan, born February 6, 1911, served the United States as the 40th president from 1981 to 1989. Reagan was the first and only movie actor elected to office. During his two-terms in office, Reagan had many accomplishments; cutting taxes, strengthened and increased national defense spending, and through foreign policy pursued â€Å"peace through strength.† (Freidel Sidey, 2006). The primary strength Reagan possessed in office was his oratory skills, in which he was dubbed â€Å"The Great

Chapter 20 The First Task Free Essays

string(37) " out to see where Cedric had got to\." Harry got up on Sunday morning and dressed so inattentively that it was a while before he realized he was trying to pull his hat onto his foot instead of his sock. When he’d finally got all his clothes on the right parts of his body, he hurried off to find Hermione, locating her at the Gryffindor table in the Great Hall, where she was eating breakfast with Ginny. Feeling too queasy to eat, Harry waited until Hermione had swallowed her last spoonful of porridge, then dragged her out onto the grounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 20 The First Task or any similar topic only for you Order Now There, he told her all about the dragons, and about everything Sirius had said, while they took another long walk around the lake. Alarmed as she was by Sirius’s warnings about Karkaroff, Hermione still thought that the dragons were the more pressing problem. â€Å"Let’s just try and keep you alive until Tuesday evening,† she said desperately, â€Å"and then we can worry about Karkaroff.† They walked three times around the lake, trying all the way to think of a simple spell that would subdue a dragon. Nothing whatsoever occurred to them, so they retired to the library instead. Here, Harry pulled down every book he could find on dragons, and both of them set to work searching through the large pile. â€Å"Talon-clipping by charms†¦treating scale-rot†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This is no good, this is for nutters like Hagrid who want to keep them healthy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Dragons are extremely difficult to slay, owing to the ancient magic that imbues their thick hides, which none but the most powerful spells can penetrate†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ But Sirius said a simple one would do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Let’s try some simple spellbooks, then,† said Harry, throwing aside Men Who Love Dragons Too Much. He returned to the table with a pile of spellbooks, set them down, and began to flick through each in turn, Hermione whispering nonstop at his elbow. â€Å"Well, there are Switching Spells†¦but what’s the point of Switching it? Unless you swapped its fangs for wine-gums or something that would make it less dangerous†¦.The trouble is, like that book said, not much is going to get through a dragon’s hide†¦.I’d say Transfigure it, but something that big, you really haven’t got a hope, I doubt even Professor McGonagall†¦unless you’re supposed to put the spell on yourself? Maybe to give yourself extra powers? But they’re not simple spells, I mean, we haven’t done any of those in class, I only know about them because I’ve been doing O.W.L. practice papers†¦.† â€Å"Hermione,† Harry said, through gritted teeth, â€Å"will you shut up for a bit, please? I m trying to concentrate.† But all that happened, when Hermione fell silent, was that Harry’s brain filled with a sort of blank buzzing, which didn’t seem to allow room for concentration. He stared hopelessly down the index of Basic Hexes for the Busy and Vexed. Instant scalping†¦but dragons had no hair†¦pepper breath†¦that would probably increase a dragon’s firepower†¦horn tongue†¦just what he needed, to give it an extra weapon†¦ â€Å"Oh no, he’s back again, why can’t he read on his stupid ship?† said Hermione irritably as Viktor Krum slouched in, cast a surly look over at the pair of them, and settled himself in a distant corner with a pile of books. â€Å"Come on, Harry, we’ll go back to the common room†¦his fan club’ll be here in a moment, twittering away†¦.† And sure enough, as they left the library, a gang of girls tiptoed past them, one of them wearing a Bulgaria scarf tied around her waist. Harry barely slept that night. When he awoke on Monday morning, he seriously considered for the first time ever just running away from Hogwarts. But as he looked around the Great Hall at breakfast time, and thought about what leaving the castle would mean, he knew he couldn’t do it. It was the only place he had ever been happy†¦well, he supposed he must have been happy with his parents too, but he couldn’t remember that. Somehow, the knowledge that he would rather be here and facing a dragon than back on Privet Drive with Dudley was good to know; it made him feel slightly calmer. He finished his bacon with difficulty (his throat wasn’t working too well), and as he and Hermione got up, he saw Cedric Diggory leaving the Hufflepuff table. Cedric still didn’t know about the dragons†¦the only champion who didn’t, if Harry was right in thinking that Maxime and Karkaroff would have told Fleur and Krum†¦. â€Å"Hermione, I’ll see you in the greenhouses,† Harry said, coming to his decision as he watched Cedric leaving the Hall. â€Å"Go on, I’ll catch you up.† â€Å"Harry, you’ll be late, the bell’s about to ring -â€Å" â€Å"I’ll catch you up, okay?† By the time Harry reached the bottom of the marble staircase, Cedric was at the top. He was with a load of sixth-year friends. Harry didn’t want to talk to Cedric in front of them; they were among those who had been quoting Rita Skeeter’s article at him every time he went near them. He followed Cedric at a distance and saw that he was heading toward the Charms corridor. This gave Harry an idea. Pausing at a distance from them, he pulled out his wand, and took careful aim. â€Å"Diffindo!† Cedric’s bag split. Parchment, quills, and books spilled out of it onto the floor. Several bottles of ink smashed. â€Å"Don’t bother,† said Cedric in an exasperated voice as his friends bent down to help him. â€Å"Tell Flitwick I’m coming, go on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This was exactly what Harry had been hoping for. He slipped his wand back into his robes, waited until Cedric’s friends had disappeared into their classroom, and hurried up the corridor, which was now empty of everyone but himself and Cedric. â€Å"Hi,† said Cedric, picking up a copy of A Guide to Advanced Transfiguration that was now splattered with ink. â€Å"My bag just split†¦brand-new and all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Cedric,† said Harry, â€Å"the first task is dragons.† â€Å"What?† said Cedric, looking up. â€Å"Dragons,† said Harry, speaking quickly, in case Professor Flitwick came out to see where Cedric had got to. You read "Chapter 20 The First Task" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"They’ve got four, one for each of us, and we’ve got to get past them.† Cedric stared at him. Harry saw some of the panic he’d been feeling since Saturday night flickering in Cedric’s gray eyes. â€Å"Are you sure?† Cedric said in a hushed voice. â€Å"Dead sure,† said Harry. â€Å"I’ve seen them.† â€Å"But how did you find out? We’re not supposed to know†¦.† â€Å"Never mind,† said Harry quickly – he knew Hagrid would be in trouble if he told the truth. â€Å"But I’m not the only one who knows. Fleur and Krum will know by now – Maxime and Karkaroff both saw the dragons too.† Cedric straightened up, his arms full of inky quills, parchment, and books, his ripped bag dangling off one shoulder. He stared at Harry, and there was a puzzled, almost suspicious look in his eyes. â€Å"Why are you telling me?† he asked. Harry looked at him in disbelief. He was sure Cedric wouldn’t have asked that if he had seen the dragons himself. Harry wouldn’t have let his worst enemy face those monsters unprepared – well, perhaps Malfoy or Snape†¦. â€Å"It’s just†¦fair, isn’t it?† he said to Cedric. â€Å"We all know now†¦we’re on an even footing, aren’t we?† Cedric was still hooking at him in a slightly suspicious way when Harry heard a familiar clunking noise behind him. He turned around and saw Mad-Eye Moody emerging from a nearby classroom. â€Å"Come with me, Potter,† he growled. â€Å"Diggory, off you go.† Harry stared apprehensively at Moody. Had he overheard them? â€Å"Er – Professor, I’m supposed to be in Herbology -â€Å" â€Å"Never mind that, Potter. In my office, please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry followed him, wondering what was going to happen to him now. What if Moody wanted to know how he’d found out about the dragons? Would Moody go to Dumbledore and tell on Hagrid, or just turn Harry into a ferret? Well, it might be easier to get past a dragon if he were a ferret, Harry thought dully, he’d be smaller, much less easy to see from a height of fifty feet†¦. He followed Moody into his office. Moody closed the door behind them and turned to look at Harry, his magical eye fixed upon him as well as the normal one. â€Å"That was a very decent thing you just did, Potter,† Moody said quietly. Harry didn’t know what to say; this wasn’t the reaction he had expected at all. â€Å"Sit down,† said Moody, and Harry sat, looking around. He had visited this office under two of its previous occupants. In Professor Lockhart’s day, the walls had been plastered with beaming, winking pictures of Professor Lockhart himself. When Lupin had lived here, you were more likely to come across a specimen of some fascinating new Dark creature he had procured for them to study in class. Now, however, the office was full of a number of exceptionally odd objects that Harry supposed Moody had used in the days when he had been an Auror. On his desk stood what looked hike a large, cracked, glass spinning top; Harry recognized it at once as a Sneakoscope, because he owned one himself, though it was much smaller than Moody’s. In the corner on a small table stood an object that looked something like an extra-squiggly, golden television aerial. It was humming slightly. What appeared to be a mirror hung opposite Harry on the wall, but it was not reflecting the room. Shadowy figures were moving around inside it, none of them clearly in focus. â€Å"Like my Dark Detectors, do you?† said Moody, who was watching Harry closely. â€Å"What’s that?† Harry asked, pointing at the squiggly golden aerial. â€Å"Secrecy Sensor. Vibrates when it detects concealment and lies†¦no use here, of course, too much interference – students in every direction lying about why they haven’t done their homework. Been humming ever since I got here. I had to disable my Sneakoscope because it wouldn’t stop whistling. It’s extra-sensitive, picks up stuff about a mile around. Of course, it could be picking up more than kid stuff,† he added in a growl. â€Å"And what’s the mirror for?† â€Å"Oh that’s my Foe-Glass. See them out there, skulking around? I’m not really in trouble until I see the whites of their eyes. That’s when I open my trunk.† He let out a short, harsh laugh, and pointed to the large trunk under the window. It had seven keyholes in a row. Harry wondered what was in there, until Moody’s next question brought him sharply back to earth. â€Å"So†¦found out about the dragons, have you?† Harry hesitated. He’d been afraid of this – but he hadn’t told Cedric, and he certainly wasn’t going to tell Moody, that Hagrid had broken the rules. â€Å"It’s all right,† said Moody, sitting down and stretching out his wooden leg with a groan. â€Å"Cheating’s a traditional part of the Triwizard Tournament and always has been.† â€Å"I didn’t cheat,† said Harry sharply. â€Å"It was – a sort of accident that I found out.† Moody grinned. â€Å"I wasn’t accusing you, laddie. I’ve been telling Dumbledore from the start, he can be as high-minded as he likes, but you can bet old Karkaroff and Maxime won’t be. They’ll have told their champions everything they can. They want to win. They want to beat Dumbledore. They’d like to prove he’s only human.† Moody gave another harsh laugh, and his magical eye swiveled around so fast it made Harry feel queasy to watch it. â€Å"So†¦got any ideas how you’re going to get past your dragon yet?† said Moody. â€Å"No,† said Harry. â€Å"Well, I’m not going to tell you,† said Moody gruffly. â€Å"I don’t show favoritism, me. I’m just going to give you some good, general advice. And the first bit is – play to your strengths.† â€Å"I haven’t got any,† said Harry, before he could stop himself. â€Å"Excuse me,† growled Moody, â€Å"you’ve got strengths if I say you’ve got them. Think now. What are you best at?† Harry tried to concentrate. What was he best at? Well, that was easy, really – â€Å"Quidditch,† he said dully, â€Å"and a fat lot of help -â€Å" â€Å"That’s right,† said Moody, staring at him very hard, his magical eye barely moving at all. â€Å"You’re a damn good flier from what I’ve heard.† â€Å"Yeah, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry stared at him. â€Å"I’m not allowed a broom, I’ve only got my wand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"My second piece of general advice,† said Moody loudly, interrupting him, â€Å"is to use a nice, simple spell that will enable you to get what you need.† Harry looked at him blankly. What did he need? â€Å"Come on, boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whispered Moody. â€Å"Put them together†¦it’s not that difficult†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And it clicked. He was best at flying. He needed to pass the dragon in the air. For that, he needed his Firebolt. And for his Fire-bolt, he needed – â€Å"Hermione,† Harry whispered, when he had sped into greenhouse three minutes later, uttering a hurried apology to Professor Sprout as he passed her. â€Å"Hermione – I need you to help me.† â€Å"What d’you think I’ve been trying to do, Harry?† she whispered back, her eyes round with anxiety over the top of the quivering Flutterby Bush she was pruning. â€Å"Hermione, I need to learn how to do a Summoning Charm properly by tomorrow afternoon.† And so they practiced. They didn’t have lunch, but headed for a free classroom, where Harry tried with all his might to make various objects fly across the room toward him. He was still having problems. The books and quills kept losing heart halfway across the room and dropping hike stones to the floor. â€Å"Concentrate, Harry, concentrate†¦.† â€Å"What d’you think I’m trying to do?† said Harry angrily. â€Å"A great big dragon keeps popping up in my head for some reason†¦Okay, try again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He wanted to skip Divination to keep practicing, but Hermione refused point-blank to skive off Arithmancy, and there was no point in staying without her. He therefore had to endure over an hour of Professor Trelawney, who spent half the lesson telling everyone that the position of Mars with relation to Saturn at that moment meant that people born in July were in great danger of sudden, violent deaths. â€Å"Well, that’s good,† said Harry loudly, his temper getting the better of him, â€Å"just as long as it’s not drawn-out. I don’t want to suffer.† Ron looked for a moment as though he was going to laugh; he certainly caught Harry’s eye for the first time in days, but Harry was still feeling too resentful toward Ron to care. He spent the rest of the lesson trying to attract small objects toward him under the table with his wand. He managed to make a fly zoom straight into his hand, though he wasn’t entirely sure that was his prowess at Summoning Charms – perhaps the fly was just stupid. He forced down some dinner after Divination, then returned to the empty classroom with Hermione, using the Invisibility Cloak to avoid the teachers. They kept practicing until past midnight. They would have stayed longer, but Peeves turned up and, pretending to think that Harry wanted things thrown at him, started chucking chairs across the room. Harry and Hermione left in a hurry before the noise attracted Filch, and went back to the Gryffindor common room, which was now mercifully empty. At two o’clock in the morning, Harry stood near the fireplace, surrounded by heaps of objects: books, quills, several upturned chairs, an old set of Gobstones, and Neville’s toad, Trevor. Only in the last hour had Harry really got the hang of the Summoning Charm. â€Å"That’s better, Harry, that’s loads better,† Hermione said, looking exhausted but very pleased. â€Å"Well, now we know what to do next time I can’t manage a spell,† Harry said, throwing a rune dictionary back to Hermione, so he could try again, â€Å"threaten me with a dragon. Right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He raised his wand once more. â€Å"Accio Dictionary!† The heavy book soared out of Hermione’s hand, flew across the room, and Harry caught it. â€Å"Harry, I really think you’ve got it!† said Hermione delightedly. â€Å"Just as long as it works tomorrow,† Harry said. â€Å"The Firebolt’s going to be much farther away than the stuff in here, it’s going to be in the castle, and I’m going to be out there on the grounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"That doesn’t matter,† said Hermione firmly.† Just as long as you’re concentrating really, really hard on it, it’ll come. Harry, we’d better get some sleep†¦you’re going to need it.† Harry had been focusing so hard on learning the Summoning Charm that evening that some of his blind panic had heft him. It returned in full measure, however, on the following morning. The atmosphere in the school was one of great tension and excitement. Lessons were to stop at midday, giving all the students time to get down to the dragons’ enclosure – though of course, they didn’t yet know what they would find there. Harry felt oddly separate from everyone around him, whether they were wishing him good luck or hissing â€Å"We’ll have a box of tissues ready, Potter† as he passed. It was a state of nervousness so advanced that he wondered whether he mightn’t just lose his head when they tried to lead him out to his dragon, and start trying to curse everyone in sight. Time was behaving in a more peculiar fashion than ever, rushing past in great dollops, so that one moment he seemed to be sitting down in his first lesson, History of Magic, and the next, walking into lunch†¦and then (where had the morning gone? the last of the dragon-free hours?), Professor McGonagall was hurrying over to him in the Great Hall. Lots of people were watching. â€Å"Potter, the champions have to come down onto the grounds now†¦.You have to get ready for your first task.† â€Å"Okay,† said Harry, standing up, his fork falling onto his plate with a clatter. â€Å"Good luck, Harry,† Hermione whispered. â€Å"You’ll be fine!† â€Å"Yeah,† said Harry in a voice that was most unlike his own. He heft the Great Hall with Professor McGonagall. She didn’t seem herself either; in fact, she looked nearly as anxious as Hermione. As she walked him down the stone steps and out into the cold November afternoon, she put her hand on his shoulder. â€Å"Now, don’t panic,† she said, â€Å"just keep a cool head†¦.We’ve got wizards standing by to control the situation if it gets out of hand†¦.The main thing is just to do your best, and nobody will think any the worse of you†¦.Are you all right?† â€Å"Yes,† Harry heard himself say. â€Å"Yes, I’m fine.† She was leading him toward the place where the dragons were, around the edge of the forest, but when they approached the clump of trees behind which the enclosure would be clearly visible, Harry saw that a tent had been erected, its entrance facing them, screening the dragons from view. â€Å"You’re to go in here with the other champions,† said Professor McGonagall, in a rather shaky sort of voice, â€Å"and wait for your turn, Potter. Mr. Bagman is in there†¦he’ll be telling you the – the procedure†¦. Good luck.† â€Å"Thanks,† said Harry, in a flat, distant voice. She left him at the entrance of the tent. Harry went inside. Fleur Delacour was sitting in a corner on a how wooden stool. She didn’t look nearly as composed as usual, but rather pale and clammy. Viktor Krum looked even surlier than usual, which Harry supposed was his way of showing nerves. Cedric was pacing up and down. When Harry entered, Cedric gave him a small smile, which Harry returned, feeling the muscles in his face working rather hard, as though they had forgotten how to do it. â€Å"Harry! Good-o!† said Bagman happily, looking around at him. â€Å"Come in, come in, make yourself at home!† Bagman looked somehow like a slightly overblown cartoon figure, standing amid all the pale-faced champions. He was wearing his old Wasp robes again. â€Å"Well, now we’re all here – time to fill you in!† said Bagman brightly. â€Å"When the audience has assembled, I’m going to be offering each of you this bag† – he held up a small sack of purple silk and shook it at them – â€Å"from which you will each select a small model of the thing you are about to face! There are different – er – varieties, you see. And I have to tell you something else too†¦ah, yes†¦your task is to collect the golden egg!† Harry glanced around. Cedric had nodded once, to show that he understood Bagman’s words, and then started pacing around the tent again; he looked slightly green. Fleur Delacour and Krum hadn’t reacted at all. Perhaps they thought they might be sick if they opened their mouths; that was certainly how Harry felt. But they, at least, had volunteered for this†¦ And in no time at all, hundreds upon hundreds of pairs of feet could be heard passing the tent, their owners talking excitedly, laughing, joking†¦.Harry felt as separate from the crowd as though they were a different species. And then – it seemed like about a second later to Harry – Bagman was opening the neck of the purple silk sack. â€Å"Ladies first,† he said, offering it to Fleur Delacour. She put a shaking hand inside the bag and drew out a tiny, perfect model of a dragon – a Welsh Green. It had the number two around its neck And Harry knew, by the fact that Fleur showed no sign of surprise, but rather a determined resignation, that he had been right: Madame Maxime had told her what was coming. The same held true for Krum. He pulled out the scarlet Chinese Fireball. It had a number three around its neck. He didn’t even blink, just sat back down and stared at the ground. Cedric put his hand into the bag, and out came the blueish-gray Swedish Short-Snout, the number one tied around its neck. Knowing what was left, Harry put his hand into the silk bag and pulled out the Hungarian Horntail, and the number four. It stretched its wings as he looked down at it, and bared its minuscule fangs. â€Å"Well, there you are!† said Bagman. â€Å"You have each pulled out the dragon you will face, and the numbers refer to the order in which you are to take on the dragons, do you see? Now, I’m going to have to leave you in a moment, because I’m commentating. Mr. Diggory, you’re first, just go out into the enclosure when you hear a whistle, all right? Now†¦Harry†¦could I have a quick word? Outside?† â€Å"Er†¦yes,† said Harry blankly, and he got up and went out of the tent with Bagman, who walked him a short distance away, into the trees, and then turned to him with a fatherly expression on his face. â€Å"Feeling all right, Harry? Anything I can get you?† â€Å"What?† said Harry. â€Å"I – no, nothing.† â€Å"Got a plan?† said Bagman, lowering his voice conspiratorially. â€Å"Because I don’t mind sharing a few pointers, if you’d like them, you know. I mean,† Bagman continued, lowering his voice still further, â€Å"you’re the underdog here, Harry†¦.Anything I can do to help†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No,† said Harry so quickly he knew he had sounded rude, â€Å"no – I – I know what I’m going to do, thanks.† â€Å"Nobody would know, Harry,† said Bagman, winking at him. â€Å"No, I’m fine,† said Harry, wondering why he kept telling people this, and wondering whether he had ever been less fine. â€Å"I’ve got a plan worked out, I -â€Å" A whistle had blown somewhere. â€Å"Good lord, I’ve got to run!† said Bagman in alarm, and he hurried off. Harry walked back to the tent and saw Cedric emerging from it, greener than ever. Harry tried to wish him luck as he walked past, but all that came out of his mouth was a sort of hoarse grunt. Harry went back inside to Fleur and Krum. Seconds hater, they heard the roar of the crowd, which meant Cedric had entered the enclosure and was now face-to-face with the living counterpart of his model†¦. It was worse than Harry could ever have imagined, sitting there and listening. The crowd screamed†¦yelled†¦gasped like a single many-headed entity, as Cedric did whatever he was doing to get past the Swedish Short-Snout. Krum was still staring at the ground. Fleur had now taken to retracing Cedric’s steps, around and around the tent. And Bagman’s commentary made everything much, much worse†¦.Horrible pictures formed in Harry’s mind as he heard: â€Å"Oooh, narrow miss there, very narrow†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"He’s taking risks, this one!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Clever move – pity it didn’t work!† And then, after about fifteen minutes, Harry heard the deafening roar that could mean only one thing: Cedric had gotten past his dragon and captured the golden egg. â€Å"Very good indeed!† Bagman was shouting. â€Å"And now the marks from the judges!† But he didn’t shout out the marks; Harry supposed the judges were holding them up and showing them to the crowd. â€Å"One down, three to go!† Bagman yelled as the whistle blew again. â€Å"Miss Delacour, if you please!† Fleur was trembling from head to foot; Harry felt more warmly toward her than he had done so far as she heft the tent with her head held high and her hand clutching her wand. He and Krum were left alone, at opposite sides of the tent, avoiding each other’s gaze. The same process started again†¦.†Oh I’m not sure that was wise!† they could hear Bagman shouting gleefully. â€Å"Oh†¦nearly! Careful now†¦good lord, I thought she’d had it then!† Ten minutes later, Harry heard the crowd erupt into applause once more†¦.Fleur must have been successful too. A pause, while Fleur’s marks were being shown†¦more clapping†¦then, for the third time, the whistle. â€Å"And here comes Mr. Krum!† cried Bagman, and Krum slouched out, leaving Harry quite alone. He felt much more aware of his body than usual; very aware of the way his heart was pumping fast, and his fingers tingling with fear†¦yet at the same time, he seemed to be outside himself, seeing the walls of the tent, and hearing the crowd, as though from far away. â€Å"Very daring!† Bagman was yelling, and Harry heard the Chinese Fireball emit a horrible, roaring shriek, while the crowd drew its collective breath. â€Å"That’s some nerve he’s showing – and – yes, he’s got the egg!† Applause shattered the wintery air like breaking glass; Krum had finished – it would be Harry’s turn any moment. He stood up, noticing dimly that his legs seemed to be made of marshmallow. He waited. And then he heard the whistle blow. He walked out through the entrance of the tent, the panic rising into a crescendo inside him. And now he was walking past the trees, through a gap in the enclosure fence. He saw everything in front of him as though it was a very highly colored dream. There were hundreds and hundreds of faces staring down at him from stands that had been magicked there since he’d last stood on this spot. And there was the Horntail, at the other end of the enclosure, crouched low over her clutch of eggs, her wings half-furled, her evil, yellow eyes upon him, a monstrous, scaly, black lizard, thrashing her spiked tail, heaving yard-long gouge marks in the hard ground. The crowd was making a great deal of noise, but whether friendly or not, Harry didn’t know or care. It was time to do what he had to do†¦to focus his mind, entirely and absolutely, upon the thing that was his only chance. He raised his wand. â€Å"Accio Firebolt!† he shouted. Harry waited, every fiber of him hoping, praying†¦.If it hadn’t worked†¦if it wasn’t coming†¦He seemed to be looking at everything around him through some sort of shimmering, transparent barrier, like a heat haze, which made the enclosure and the hundreds of faces around him swim strangely†¦. And then he heard it, speeding through the air behind him; he turned and saw his Firebolt hurtling toward him around the edge of the woods, soaring into the enclosure, and stopping dead in midair beside him, waiting for him to mount. The crowd was making even more noise†¦.Bagman was shouting something†¦but Harry’s ears were not working properly anymore†¦listening wasn’t important†¦. He swung his leg over the broom and kicked off from the ground. And a second later, something miraculous happened†¦. As he soared upward, as the wind rushed through his hair, as the crowd’s faces became mere flesh-colored pinpnicks below, and the Horntail shrank to the size of a dog, he realized that he had left not only the ground behind, but also his fear†¦.He was back where he belonged†¦. This was just another Quidditch match, that was all†¦just another Quidditch match, and that Horntail was just another ugly opposing team†¦. He looked down at the clutch of eggs and spotted the gold one, gleaming against its cement-colored fellows, residing safely between the dragon’s front legs. â€Å"Okay,† Harry told himself, â€Å"diversionary tactics†¦let’s go†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He dived. The Horntail’s head followed him; he knew what it was going to do and pulled out of the dive just in time; a jet of fire had been released exactly where he would have been had he not swerved away†¦but Harry didn’t care†¦that was no more than dodging a Bludger†¦. â€Å"Great Scott, he can fly!† yelled Bagman as the crowd shrieked and gasped. â€Å"Are you watching this, Mr. Krum?† Harry soared higher in a circle; the Horntail was still following his progress; its head revolving on its long neck – if he kept this up, it would be nicely dizzy – but better not push it too long, or it would be breathing fire again – Harry plummeted just as the Horntail opened its mouth, but this time he was less lucky – he missed the flames, but the tail came whipping up to meet him instead, and as he swerved to the left, one of the long spikes grazed his shoulder, ripping his robes – He could feel it stinging, he could hear screaming and groans from the crowd, but the cut didn’t seem to be deep†¦.Now he zoomed around the back of the Horntail, and a possibility occurred to him†¦. The Horntail didn’t seem to want to take off, she was too protective of her eggs. Though she writhed and twisted, furling and unfurling her wings and keeping those fearsome yellow eyes on Harry, she was afraid to move too far from them†¦but he had to persuade her to do it, or he’d never get near them†¦.The trick was to do it carefully, gradually†¦. He began to fly, first this way, then the other, not near enough to make her breathe fire to stave him off, but still posing a sufficient threat to ensure she kept her eyes on him. Her head swayed this way and that, watching him out of those vertical pupils, her fangs bared†¦. He flew higher. The Horntail’s head rose with him, her neck now stretched to its fullest extent, still swaying, hike a snake before its charmer†¦. Harry rose a few more feet, and she let out a roar of exasperation. He was like a fly to her, a fly she was longing to swat; her tail thrashed again, but he was too high to reach now†¦.She shot fire into the air, which he dodged†¦.Her jaws opened wide†¦. â€Å"Come on,† Harry hissed, swerving tantalizingly above her, â€Å"come on, come and get me†¦up you get now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then she reared, spreading her great, black, leathery wings at last, as wide as those of a small airplane – and Harry dived. Before the dragon knew what he had done, or where he had disappeared to, he was speeding toward the ground as fast as he could go, toward the eggs now unprotected by her clawed front legs – he had taken his hands off his Firebolt – he had seized the golden egg – And with a huge spurt of speed, he was off, he was soaring out over the stands, the heavy egg safely under his uninjured arm, and it was as though somebody had just turned the volume back up – for the first time, he became properly aware of the noise of the crowd, which was screaming and applauding as loudly as the Irish supporters at the World Cup – â€Å"Look at that!† Bagman was yelling. â€Å"Will you look at that! Our youngest champion is quickest to get his egg! Well, this is going to shorten the odds on Mr. Potter!† Harry saw the dragon keepers rushing forward to subdue the Horntail, and, over at the entrance to the enclosure, Professor McGonagall, Professor Moody, and Hagrid hurrying to meet him, all of them waving him toward them, their smiles evident even from this distance. He flew back over the stands, the noise of the crowd pounding his eardrums, and came in smoothly to land, his heart lighter than it had been in weeks†¦.He had got through the first task, he had survived†¦. â€Å"That was excellent, Potter!† cried Professor McGonagall as he got off the Firebolt – which from her was extravagant praise. He noticed that her hand shook as she pointed at his shoulder. â€Å"You’ll need to see Madam Pomfrey before the judges give out your score†¦.Over there, she’s had to mop up Diggory already†¦.† â€Å"Yeh did it, Harry!† said Hagrid hoarsely. â€Å"Yeh did it! An’ agains’ the Horntail an’ all, an’ yeh know Charlie said that was the wors’ -â€Å" â€Å"Thanks, Hagrid,† said Harry loudly, so that Hagrid wouldn’t blunder on and reveal that he had shown Harry the dragons beforehand. Professor Moody looked very pleased too; his magical eye was dancing in its socket. â€Å"Nice and easy does the trick, Potter,† he growled. â€Å"Right then, Potter, the first aid tent, please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Professor McGonagall. Harry walked out of the enclosure, still panting, and saw Madam Pomfrey standing at the mouth of a second tent, looking worried. â€Å"Dragons!† she said, in a disgusted tone, pulling Harry inside. The tent was divided into cubicles; he could make out Cedric’s shadow through the canvas, but Cedric didn’t seem to be badly injured; he was sitting up, at least. Madam Pomfrey examined Harry’s shoulder, talking furiously all the while. â€Å"Last year dementors, this year dragons, what are they going to bring into this school next? You’re very lucky†¦this is quite shallow†¦it’ll need cleaning before I heal it up, though†¦.† She cleaned the cut with a dab of some purple liquid that smoked and stung, but then poked his shoulder with her wand, and he felt it heal instantly. â€Å"Now, just sit quietly for a minute – sit! And then you can go and get your score.† She bustled out of the tent and he heard her go next door and say, â€Å"How does it feel now, Diggory?† Harry didn’t want to sit still. He was too full of adrenaline. He got to his feet, wanting to see what was going on outside, but before he’d reached the mouth of the tent, two people had come darting inside – Hermione, followed closely by Ron. â€Å"Harry, you were brilliant!† Hermione said squeakily. There were fingernail marks on her face where she had been clutching it in fear. â€Å"You were amazing! You really were!† But Harry was looking at Ron, who was very white and staring at Harry as though he were a ghost. â€Å"Harry,† he said, very seriously, â€Å"whoever put your name in that goblet – I – I reckon they’re trying to do you in!† It was as though the last few weeks had never happened – as though Harry were meeting Ron for the first time, right after he’d been made champion. â€Å"Caught on, have you?† said Harry coldly. â€Å"Took you long enough.† Hermione stood nervously between them, looking from one to the other. Ron opened his mouth uncertainly. Harry knew Ron was about to apologize and suddenly he found he didn’t need to hear it. â€Å"It’s okay,† he said, before Ron could get the words out. â€Å"Forget it.† â€Å"No,† said Ron, â€Å"I shouldn’t’ve -â€Å" â€Å"Forget it, â€Å"Harry said. Ron grinned nervously at him, and Harry grinned back. Hermione burst into tears. â€Å"There’s nothing to cry about!† Harry told her, bewildered. â€Å"You two are so stupid!† she shouted, stamping her foot on the ground, tears splashing down her front. Then, before either of them could stop her, she had given both of them a hug and dashed away, now positively howling. â€Å"Barking mad,† said Ron, shaking his head. â€Å"Harry, c’mon, they’ll be putting up your scores†¦.† Picking up the golden egg and his Firebolt, feeling more elated than he would have believed possible an hour ago, Harry ducked out of the tent, Ron by his side, talking fast. â€Å"You were the best, you know, no competition. Cedric did this weird thing where he Transfigured a rock on the ground†¦turned it into a dog†¦he was trying to make the dragon go for the dog instead of him. Well, it was a pretty cool bit of Transfiguration, and it sort of worked, because he did get the egg, but he got burned as well – the dragon changed its mind halfway through and decided it would rather have him than the Labrador; he only just got away. And that Fleur girl tried this sort of charm, I think she was trying to put it into a trance – well, that kind of worked too, it went all sleepy, but then it snored, and this great jet of flame shot out, and her skirt caught fire – she put it out with a bit of water out of her wand. And Krum – you won’t believe this, but he didn’t even think of flying! He was probably the best after you, though. Hit it with some sort of spell right in the eye. Only thing is, it went trampling ar ound in agony and squashed half the real eggs – they took marks off for that, he wasn’t supposed to do any damage to them.† Ron drew breath as he and Harry reached the edge of the enclosure. Now that the Horntail had been taken away, Harry could see where the five judges were sitting – right at the other end, in raised seats draped in gold. â€Å"It’s marks out of ten from each one,† Ron said, and Harry squinting up the field, saw the first judge – Madame Maxime – raise her wand in the air. What hooked like a long silver ribbon shot out of it, which twisted itself into a large figure eight. â€Å"Not bad!† said Ron as the crowd applauded. â€Å"I suppose she took marks off for your shoulder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr. Crouch came next. He shot a number nine into the air. â€Å"Looking good!† Ron yelled, thumping Harry on the back. Next, Dumbledore. He too put up a nine. The crowd was cheering harder than ever. Ludo Bagman – ten. â€Å"Ten?† said Harry in disbelief. â€Å"But†¦I got hurt†¦.What’s he playing at?† â€Å"Harry, don’t complain!† Ron yelled excitedly. And now Karkaroff raised his wand. He paused for a moment, and then a number shot out of his wand too – four. â€Å"What?† Ron bellowed furiously. â€Å"Four? You lousy, biased scum-bag, you gave Krum ten!† But Harry didn’t care, he wouldn’t have cared if Karkaroff had given him zero; Ron’s indignation on his behalf was worth about a hundred points to him. He didn’t tell Ron this, of course, but his heart felt lighter than air as he turned to leave the enclosure. And it wasn’t just Ron†¦those weren’t only Gryffindors cheering in the crowd. When it had come to it, when they had seen what he was facing, most of the school had been on his side as well as Cedric’s†¦.He didn’t care about the Slytherins, he could stand whatever they threw at him now. â€Å"You’re tied in first place, Harry! You and Krum!† said Charlie Weasley, hurrying to meet them as they set off back toward the school. â€Å"Listen, I’ve got to run, I’ve got to go and send Mum an owl, I swore I’d tell her what happened – but that was unbelievable! Oh yeah – and they told me to tell you you’ve got to hang around for a few more minutes†¦.Bagman wants a word, back in the champions’ tent.† Ron said he would wait, so Harry reentered the tent, which somehow looked quite different now: friendly and welcoming. He thought back to how he’d felt while dodging the Horntail, and compared it to the long wait before he’d walked out to face it†¦.There was no comparison; the wait had been immeasurably worse. Fleur, Cedric, and Krum all came in together. One side of Cedric’s face was covered in a thick orange paste, which was presumably mending his burn. He grinned at Harry when he saw him. â€Å"Good one, Harry.† â€Å"And you,† said Harry, grinning back. â€Å"Well done, all of you!† said Ludo Bagman, bouncing into the tent and looking as pleased as though he personally had just got past a dragon. â€Å"Now, just a quick few words. You’ve got a nice long break before the second task, which will take place at half past nine on the morning of February the twenty-fourth – but we’re giving you something to think about in the meantime! If you look down at those golden eggs you’re all holding, you will see that they open†¦see the hinges there? You need to solve the clue inside the egg – because it will tell you what the second task is, and enable you to prepare for it! All clear? Sure? Well, off you go, then!† Harry left the tent, rejoined Ron, and they started to walk back around the edge of the forest, talking hard; Harry wanted to hear what the other champions had done in more detail. Then, as they rounded the clump of trees behind which Harry had first heard the dragons roar, a witch leapt out from behind them. It was Rita Skeeter. She was wearing acid-green robes today; the Quick-Quotes Quill in her hand blended perfectly against them. â€Å"Congratulations, Harry!† she said, beaming at him. â€Å"I wonder if you could give me a quick word? How you felt facing that dragon? How you feel now, about the fairness of the scoring?† â€Å"Yeah, you can have a word,† said Harry savagely. â€Å"Good-bye.† And he set off back to the castle with Ron. How to cite Chapter 20 The First Task, Essay examples

No Sugar by Jack Davis

Introduction The prejudicial treatment of a person basing on being a member of a class or group is known as discrimination. It includes certain behaviors towards people such as preventing one group of people from opportunities that are available to the other groups. Discrimination is the culmination of traits and understanding of the distinctions between things, which comes in varying frames and forms (Appleby, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on No Sugar by Jack Davis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fiction is a narrative work that deals with news and events that are not on facts but imaginary created by the author. A writer tries to determine peoples’ response to nature and activities by giving a report from a perspective, like a film maker through pointing of the camera shapes peoples’ reactions to a film. In fictions, a writer’s interpretation of a narrator, point of view, is essentia l to peoples’ experience as readers. Narrators classified are either party or nonparticipant narrators. A narrator that is nonparticipant talks in the third person referring to actors by their names. Explicit way of stories characterized in concert  known as drama. Drama is an operation performed by actors before an audience on stage assumes means of performance that are collaborative and a reaction that is combined. Combined response and collaborative writing directly prejudice it (Saputo, 2011). Drama: No Sugar by Jack Davis In the 20th Century, it is a recognized factor in Australia, and all over the rest of the world, that there was neglect of Aborigines since the settlement of the first western civilization, and for several years after the western culture. It is the most fundamental aim of dramas to highlight issues, such as racism, and thoughts in relation to these matters to life through dramatic presentations and the use of various techniques. Jack Davis wrote a boo k of revisionist known as No Sugar in 1985, which was one of these dramas. Jack Davis brought issues and even expressed his own thoughts about issues such as the discrimination of the treatment of Aboriginal in 1930’s. The revisionist text of no sugar described life extensively, and thus offering a different perspective of the point of view of Aboriginal, on activities which came about during the period of the discrimination issue at hand (Davis, 1985). No Sugar, the drama written by Jack Davis, highlights the exploitation of Aborigines in Australia in 1930’s. More explicitly, it concerned the relations of Millimurra, and their immense success against the whites and treated like substances in their own country. The stage play was present in Moore River and Northam, in Western Australia. Jack surveyed matters surrounding the behavior of Aborigines during that time and reflected his own thoughts concerning these issues. One of the issues highlighted with reference to tha t time in No Sugar was how Aborigines were discriminated against, because of the color of their skin. For instance, in the first scene of the first act, Cissie complained because her and her brother went to get apples, and they were given shriveled up ones, while the children of the whites were given juicy apples. Jack used techniques of drama in order to make his thoughts about discrimination issues to individual. He used a conversation in this example and in a manner of characterization.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is discrimination at the place of work. Being looked at or treated differently because of one’s race, religion, social rank, gender or any other characteristic is a form of discrimination (Rushefsky, 2008). At the place of work, discrimination takes place when a member of staff goes through harsh or discriminatory treatment because of their race , national origin, religion, experienced person or immobilized position, or any other characteristics protected by law (Mathis, 2010). Human resources who have experienced acts of revenge for differing from discrimination of the place of work or for exposing violation to the government regarded to be discriminated against. In most of the countries, particular the developed ones, there are verdicts and laws that forbid discrimination in areas of work, such as hiring, recruiting, evaluations of job, policies of promotion, education, payments and actions of disciplinary (Nather, 2009). Discrimination in place of work can be categorized as both direct and indirect. Discrimination that is open, entails treating a person less favorably because they possess a characteristic (for instance race, gender, age, socioeconomic status, beliefs, disability, national origin), contrasted with another person without that characteristic in the same situation (Swain, 2010). An example of discrimination that is open would be, not recommending job to a woman because she is anticipated obtaining a maternity leave while a man is not. Discrimination that is implicit, entails setting state or a requirement, which a smaller percentage of those with the trait are capable of fulfilling, without rational justification (Heine Lehman, 1997). Ethics should be practiced mainly in the workplace. When given the task of being a leader, a person experiences many different situations (Wilson, 2003). What describe a leader are the way they carry on the circumstance, and the way they make up their minds (Leary Tangney, 2003). People working as administrators and employees have experienced and witnessed many circumstances, where personal and family matters have caused friction between the other employees and finally the leader. Like all predicaments that a leader is experiencing at the place of work, individual and family matters can be a delicate issue that requires to be handled in an assured such that the administrator is not in a situation that he or she may be blamed of managing the situation unethically (Heine Lehman, 1997). An administrator’s verdict in this state can also be prejudiced by social issues and sources from outside. When personal and family matters come up in the place of work, the management needs to think on how to handle the circumstances before they perform the action. If these ethics are put in practice, it will ensure that there is no discrimination against anyone (Crosby,2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on No Sugar by Jack Davis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, discrimination is unethical issue. People should learn to treat the rest of people with equality and fairness. All people are the same and created by one Supreme Being. Fairness should be seen in the job markets, hospitals, market and the entire social structures (Martins, 2006). This is sue should be prevented and ensure that employers recruit with equality. People should be committed to a wide strategy of preventing discrimination, which works with organizations that regulate and assist them in developing and maintaining a culture of rights in the place of work. More commissions and organizations should be created that will govern discrimination issues. Such institutions will be able to work with various media and technologies like the internet in ensuring that individuals access information of human rights. They should have a partner with community members and any other group to increase human rights commitment. Through stakeholders’ commitment, there is a hope of reducing the occurrence of discrimination, complaints associated to human rights, and support inclusiveness. References Appleby, S. (2007). Harassment and Discrimination: And Other Workplace Landmines. New York: Entrepreneur Press. Crosby, F. (2007). Sex discrimination in the workplace: multidisc iplinary perspectives. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell. Davis, J. M. (1985). No Sugar. New York: ABC-CLIO Publisher. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R. (1997). Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. London, England: PenguinAdvertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leary, M. R. Tangney, J. P. (2003). Handbook of self and identity. New York: Guilford Press. Martins, M. (2006).Discrimination Law and Employment Issues. New Jersey: Thorogood Publishing. Mathis, R. (2010). Human Resource Management. New York: Cengage Learning. Nather, D. (2009). Discrimination: Everything You Need to Know. Health Ranger Digest, Vol. 45. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Rushefsky, E.(2008). Civil Rights policy in Australia. New York: M.E. Sharpe Publisher. Saputo, L. (2011). Work Place: Revolution or evolution. New York. Cengage Publishers. Swain, M. (2010). Discrimination issues in the 90s. New South Wales, N.S.W. Parliamentary. Wilson, F. (2003). Organizational Behaviour and Gender. Aldershot: Ashgate. This essay on No Sugar by Jack Davis was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bus Reservation System Essays

Bus Reservation System Essays Bus Reservation System Paper Bus Reservation System Paper A PROJECT REPORT ON BUS RESERVATION SYSTEM Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Award of degree of Post Graduate Diploma In Information Technology (2008-10) Submitted By: BRIJ MOHAN DAMMANI 200852200 Submitted to: Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune 411016, Maharashtra, India ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project like this takes quite a lot of time to do properly. As is often the case, this project owes its existence and certainly its quality to a number of people, whose name does not appear on the cover. Among them is one of the most extra ordinary programmers it has been my pleasure to work with Mr. Ankur Kaushik, who did more than just check the facts by offering thoughtful logic where needed to improve the project as a whole. We also thank to Mr. Sh. Hardayal Singh (H. O. D. -MCA Deptt. Engineering College Bikaner) who deserves credit for helping me done the project and taking care of all the details that most programmers really don’t think about. Errors and confusions are my responsibility, but the quality of the project is to their credit and we can only thank them. We are highly thankful and feel obliged to Milan Travels staff members for nice Co-Operation and valuable suggestions in my project work. We owe my obligation to my friends and other colleagues in the computer field for their co-operation and support. We thank God for being on my side. Contents Chapter 1Introduction Chapter 2 Development model Chapter 3System Study Chapter 4Project Monitoring System Chapter 5System Analysis Chapter 6Operating Environment Chapter 7System Design Chapter 8System Testing Chapter 9System Implementation Chapter 10Conclusion Chapter 11Scope of the Project Introuction In bus reservation system there has been a collection of buses, agent who are booking tickets for customer’s journey which give bus number and departure time of the bus. According to its name it manages the details of all agent, tickets, rental details, and timing details and so on. It also manages the updating of the objects. In the tour detail there is information about bus, who has been taking customers at their destination, it also contain the detailed information about the customer, who has been taken from which bus and at what are the number of members he or she is taking his/her journey. This section also contain the details of booking time of the seat(s) or collecting time of the tickets, this section also contain the booking date and the name of agent which is optional, by which the customer can reserve the seats for his journey In Bus no category it contains the details of buses which are old/new. New buses are added with the details with bus no, from city to the city, type of the bus, rent of a single seat, if the bus has sleeper than the cost of sleeper, if the cabin has the facility for sitting than the cost of cabin seats, tour timings of the new bus has also been stored. How many buses are currently given and available in office? In seats specification, it gives the list of given issued and currently available seats and contain the information about seats like sleeper, cabin etc. The main objective of this project is to provide the better work efficiency, security, accuracy, reliability, feasibility. The error occurred could be reduced to nil and working conditions can be improved. Development model Software Process Model Our project life cycle uses the waterfall model, also known as classic life cycle model or linear sequential model. The Waterfall Model The waterfall model encompasses the following activities: 1. System/information Engineering and Modeling System Engineering and Analysis encompass requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of Top-level design and analysis. Information Engineering encompasses requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level. 2. Software requirements analysis Software requirements analysis involves requirements for both the system and the software to be document and reviewed with the customer. . Design Software design is actually a multi-step process that focuses on for distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interfaces representation and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be accessed for quality before coding begins. 4. Code Generation Code-Generation phase translates the design into a machine-readable form. 5. Testing Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statement have been tested, and on the functional externals; that is, conducting test to uncover errors and ensure that define input will produce actual results that agree with required results. 6. Support Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to the customer. Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements. System Study Before the project can begin, it becomes necessary to estimate the work to be done, the resource that will be required, and the time that will elapse from start to finish. During making such a plan we visited site many more times. 3. 1 Project planning objectives The objective of software project planning is to provide a framework that enables the management to make reasonable estimates of resources, cost, and schedule. These estimates are made within limited time frame at the beginning of a software project and should be updated regularly as the project progresses. In addition, estimates should attempt to define best case and worst case scenarios so that project outcomes can be bounded. 3. 2 Software Scope The first activity in software project planning is the determination of software scope. Software scope describes the data and control to be processed, function, performance, constraints, interfaces, and reliability. 3. 2. 1 Gathering Information Necessary for Scope The most commonly used technique to bridge communication gap between customer and the software developer to get the communication process started is to conduct a preliminary meeting or interview. When I visited the site we have been introduced to the Manager of the center, there were two other persons out of one was the technical adviser and another one was the cost accountant. Neither of us knows what to ask or say; we were very much worried that what we say will be misinterpreted. We started to asking context-free questions; that is, a set of questions that will lead to a basic understanding of the problem. The first set of context-free questions was like this: What do you want to be done? Who will use this solution? What is wrong with your existing working systems? Is there another source for the solution? Can you show us (or describe) the environment in which the solution will be used? After first round of above asked questions. We revisited the site and asked many more questions considering to final set of questions. Are our questions relevant to the problem that you need to be solved? Are we asking too many questions? Should we be asking you anything else? 3. 2. 2 Feasibility Not everything imaginable is feasible, not even in software. Software feasibility has four dimensions: Technology- is a project technically feasible? Is it within the state of the art? Finance – Is it financially feasible? Time- will the project be completed within specified time? Resources- does the organization have the resources needed to succeed? After taking into consideration of above said dimensions, we found it could be feasible for us to develop this project. 3. 3 Software Project Estimation Software cost and effort estimation will never be an exact science. Too may variables- human, technical, environmental, political- can affect the ultimate cost of software and effort applied to develop it. However, software project estimation can be transformed a black art to a series of systematic steps that provide estimates with acceptable risk. To achieve reliable cost and effort estimates, a number of options arise: 1. Delay estimation until late in the project (since, we can achieve 100% accurate estimates after the project is complete! ) 2. Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed. 3. Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates. 4. Use one or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation. Unfortunately, the first option, however attractive, is not practical. Cost estimates must be provided â€Å"Up front†. However, we should recognize that the longer we wait, the more we know, and the more we know, the less likely we are to make serious errors in our estimates. The second option can work reasonably well, if the current project is quite similar to past efforts and other project influences (e. g. , the customer, business conditions, the SEE, deadlines) are equivalent. Unfortunately past experience has not always been a good indicator of future results. The remaining options are viable approaches the software project estimation. Ideally, the techniques noted for each option be applied in tandem; each used as cross check for the other. Decomposition techniques take a â€Å"divide and conquer† approach to software project estimation. By decomposing a project into major functions and related software engineering activities, cost and effort estimation can be performed in the stepwise fashion. Empirical estimation models can be used to complement decomposition techniques and offer a potentially valuable estimation approach in their own right. A model based on experience (historical data) and takes the form D = f (vi) Where d is one of a number of estimated values (e. g. , effort, cost, project duration and we are selected independent parameters (e. g. , estimated LOC (line of code)). Each of the viable software cost estimation options is only as good as the historical data used to seed the estimate. If no historical data exist, costing rests on a very shaky foundation. Project Monitoring System 4. 1 PERT Chart: Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM) are two project scheduling methods that can be applied to software development. These techniques are driven by following information: Estimates of Effort A decomposition of the product function The selection of the appropriate process model and task set Decomposition of tasks PERT chart for this application software is illustrated in figure 3. 1. The critical Path for this Project is Design, Code generation and Integration and testing. Figure 4. 1 PERT charts for â€Å"Bus Reservation System†. 4. 2 Gantt Chart: Gantt chart which is also known as Timeline chart contains the information like effort, duration, start date, completion date for each task. A timeline chart can be developed for the entire project. Below in figure 4. 2 we have shown the Gantt chart for the project. All project tasks have been listed in the left-hand column. Start: May 17, 2010. Work tasksPlanned startActual startPlanned completeActual CompleteNotes 1. 1Identify needs and benefits Meet with customers Identified needs and constraints Established Product Statement Milestone: Product statement defined 1. 2Defined Desiredoutput/control/input (OCI) Scope modes of interacton Documented (OCI) FTR: reviewed OCI with customer Revised OCI as required Milestone: OCI defined 1. 3Defined the function/behavior Milestone: Data Modeling completed . 4Isolation software elements Coding Reports 1. 5 Integration and Testing Wk1,d1 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk2,d1 Wk2,d1 Wk3,d3 Wk4,d1 Wk4,d3 Wk5,d1 Wk5,d1 W9,d1 Wk1,d1 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk5,d2 Wk6,d1 Wk7,d6 W9,d3 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk2,d2 Wk2,d3 Wk3,d5 Wk4,d2 Wk4,d5 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk5,d5 W7,d5 W8,d6 W11,d3 Analysis and design is more time consuming. Finish: Aug 15 , 2010 Figure: 4. 2 Gant chart for the Bus reservation System. Note: Wk1- week1, d1- day1. System Analysis Software requirements analysis is a process of discovery, refinement, modeling, and specification. Requirement analysis proves the software designer with a representation of information, function, and behavior that can be translated to data, architectural interface, and component -level designs. To perform the job properly we need to follow as set of underlying concepts and principles of Analysis. 5. 1 Analysis Principles Over the past two decades, a large number of analysis modeling methods have been developed. Investigators have identified analysis problems and their caused and have developed a variety of modeling notations and corresponding ets of heuristics to overcome them. Each analysis method has a unique point of view. However, all analysis methods are related by a set of operational principles: 1. The information domain of a problem must be represented and understood. 2. The functions that the software is to perform must be defined. 3. The behavior of the software (as a consequence of external events) must be represented. 4. The models that depict information function and behavior must be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in layered (or hierarchical) fashion. 5. The analysis process should move from essential information toward implementation detail. By applying these principles, we approach the problem systematically. The information domain is examined so that function may be understood more completely. Models are used so that the characteristics of function and behavior can be communicated in a compact fashion. Partitioning is applied to reduce complexity. Essential and implementation vies of the software are necessary to accommodate the logical constraints imposed any processing requirements and the physical constraints imposed by other system elements. We have tried to takes above said principles to heart so that we could provide an excellent foundation for design. 5. 1. 1 The Information Domain All software applications can be collectively called data processing. Software is built to process data, to transform data from one form to another; that is, to accept input, manipulate it in some way, and produce output. This fundamental statement of objective is true whether we build batch software for a payroll system or real-time embedded software to control fuel flow to an automobile engine. The first operational analysis principle requires an examination of the information domain and the creation of a data model. The information domain contains three different views of the data and control as each is processed by a computer program: (1)information contend and relationships (the data model) (2)information flow, and (3)Information structure. To fully understand the information domain, each of these views should be considered. Information content represents the individual data and control objects that constitute some larger collection of information transformed by the software. For example, the data object, Status declare is a composite of a number of important pieces of data: the aircraft’s name, the aircraft’s model, ground run, no of hour flying and so forth. Therefore, the content of Status declares is defined by the attributes that are needed to create it. Similarly, the content of a control object called System status might be defined by a string of bits. Each bit represents a separate item of information that indicates whether or not a particular device is on-or off-line. Data and control objects can be related to other data and control objects. For example, the date object Status declare has one or more relationships with the objects like total no of flying, period left for the maintenance of aircraft an others. Information flow represents the manner in which date and control change as each moves through a system. Referring to figure 6. 1, input objects are transformed to intermediate information (data and / or control), which is further transformed to output. Along this transformation path, additional information may be introduced from an existing date store ( e. g. , a disk file or memory buffer). The transformations applied to the date are functions or sub functions that a program must perform. Data and control that move between two transformations define the interface for each function. Figure 5. 1 Information flow and transformation. 5. 1. 2 Modeling The second and third operational analysis principles require that we build models of function and behavior. Functional models. Software transforms information, and in order to accomplish this, it must perform at lease three generic functions: Input Processing And output. The functional model begins with a single context level model (i. e. , the name of the software to be built). Over a series of iterations, more and more functional detail is gathered, until a through delineation of all system functionality is represented. Behavioral models. Most software responds to events from the outside world. This stimulus/response characteristic forms the basis of the behavioral model. A computer program always exists in some state- an externally observable mode of behavior (e. g. , waiting, computing, printing, and polling) that is changed only when some even occurs. For example, in our case the project will remain in the wait state until: We click OK command button when first window appears An external event like mouse click cause an interrupt and consequently main window appears by asking the username and password. This external system (providing password and username) signals the project to act in desired manner as per need. A behavioral model creates a representation of the states of the software and the events that cause software to change state. 5. 1. 2 Partitioning (Divide) Problems are often too large and complex to be understood as a whole, for this reason, se tend to partition (divide) such problems into parts that can be easily under stood and establish interfaces between the part so that overall function can be accomplished. The fourth operational analysis principle suggests that the information, functional, and behavioral domains of software can be partitioned. In essence, partitioning decomposes problem intoits constituent parts. Conceptually, we establish a hierarchical representation of function or information and then partition and uppermost element by 1)exposing increasing detail by moving vertically in the hierarchy or (2)Functionally decomposing the problem my moving horizontally in the hierarchy. To issulstate these partitioning approaches let us consider our project â€Å"Bus Reservation System†. Horizontal partitioning and vertical partitioning of Bus Reservation system is shown below. Horizontal partitioning: Bus Reservation Syst em System configurationPassword acceptanceInteract with user During installation, the software (Bus Reservation System) used to program and configure the system. A master password is programmed for getting in to the software system. After this step only user can work in the environments (right cornor naming operation, administration and maintenance) only. Vertical partitioning of Bus Reservation System function: Bus Reservation System Configure systemUsername and Password AcceptanceRejection Interact with userFail Retry Operating Environment 6. 1 Hardware Specification: Server Side: Core 2 Due 2. 4GHz and Above 2 GB of Random Access Memory and Above 160 GB Hard Disk Client Side: Pentium-IV 1. 5MHs and Above 512 MB of Random Access Memory and Above 80 GB Hard Disk Software Specification: Environment: . NET Framework 3. Technologies: ASP. NET, C# Database: MS Access Software: Visual Studio 2008, Notepad ++ OS: Windows server 2003 R2, Windows XP SP2 Browser: IE7, IE8, FF 3. 5 6. 2. 1 Front-end Environment (. NET Framework) The Internet revolution of the late 1990s represented a dramatic shift in the way individuals and organizations communicate with each other. Traditional applications, such as word processors and accounting packages, are modeled as stand-alone applications: they offer users the capability to perform tasks using data stored on the system the application resides and executes on. Most new software, in contrast, is modeled based on a distributed computing model where applications collaborate to provide services and expose functionality to each other. As a result, the primary role of most new software is changing into supporting information exchange (through Web servers and browsers), collaboration (through e-mail and instant messaging), and individual expression (through Web logs, also known as Blogs, and e-zines - Web based magazines). Essentially, the basic role of software is changing from providing discrete functionality to providing services. The . NET Framework represents a unified, object-oriented set of services and libraries that embrace the changing role of new network-centric and network-aware software. In fact, the . NET Framework is the first platform designed from the ground up with the Internet in mind. Microsoft . NET Framework is a software component that is a part of several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It has a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The . NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Benefits of the . NET Framework The . NET Framework offers a number of benefits to developers: ? A consistent programming model ? Direct support for security ? Simplified development efforts ? Easy application deployment and maintenance The . NET Class Library is a key component of the . NET Framework - it is sometimes referred to as the Base Class Library (BCL). The . NET Class Library contains hundreds of classes you can use for tasks such as the following: Processing XML Working with data from multiple data sources Debugging your code and working with event logs Working with data streams and files Managing the run-time environment Developing Web services, components, and standard Windows applications Working with application security Working with directory services The functionality that the . NET Class Library provides is available to all . NET language s, resulting in a consistent object model regardless of the programming language developer’s use. Elements of the . NET Framework The . NET Framework consists of three key elements as show in below diagram Components of the . NET Framework ?Common Language Runtime ?. NET Class Library ?Unifying components 1. Common Language Runtime The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is a layer between an application and the operating system it executes on. The CLR simplifies an applications design and reduces the amount of code developers need to write because it provides a variety of execution services that include memory management, thread management, component lifetime management, and default error handling. The CLR is also responsible for compiling code just before it executes. Instead of producing a binary representation of your code, as traditional compilers do, . NET compilers produce a representation of your code in a language common to the . NET Framework: Microsoft Intermediate Language, often referred to as IL. When your code executes for the first time, the CLR invokes a special compiler called a Just In Time (JIT) compiler, Because all . NET languages have the same compiled representation, they all have similar performance characteristics. This means that a program written in Visual Basic . NET can perform as well as the same program written in Visual C++ . NET. 2. NET Class Library The . NET Class Library containing hundreds of classes that model the system and services it provides. To make the . NET Class Library easier to work with and understand, its divided into namespaces. The root namespace of the . NET Class Library is called System, and it contains core classes and data types, such as Int32, Object, Array, and Console. Secondary namespaces reside within the System namespace. Examples of nested namespaces include the following: System. Diagnostics: Contains classes for working with the Event Log System. Data: Makes it easy to work with data from multiple data sources System. IO: Contains classes for working with files and data streams The benefits of using the . NET Class Library include a consistent set of services available to all . NET languages and simplified deployment, because the . NET Class Library is available on all implementations of the . NET Framework. 3. Unifying components Until this point, this chapter has covered the low-level components of the . NET Framework. The unifying components, listed next, are the means by which you can access the services the . NET Framework provides: ASP. NET Windows Forms Visual Studio . NET ASP. NET After the release of Internet Information Services 4. 0 in 1997, Microsoft began researching possibilities for a new web application model that would solve common complaints about ASP. . ASP. NET introduces two major features: Web Forms and Web Services. 1. Web Forms Developers not familiar with Web development can spend a great deal of time, for example, figuring out how to validate the e-mail address on a form. You can validate the information on a form by using a client-side script or a server-side script. Deciding which kind of script to use is complicated by the fact that each approach has its benefits and drawbacks, some of which arent apparent unless youve done substantial design work. If you validate the form on the client by using client-side JScript code, you need to take into consideration the browser that your users may use to access the form. Not all browsers expose exactly the same representation of the document to programmatic interfaces. If you validate the form on the server, you need to be aware of the load that users might place on the server. The server has to validate the data and send the result back to the client. Web Forms simplify Web development to the point that it becomes as easy as dragging and dropping controls onto a designer (the surface that you use to edit a page) to design interactive Web applications that span from client to server. 2. Web Services A Web service is an application that exposes a programmatic interface through standard access methods. Web Services are designed to be used by other applications and components and are not intended to be useful directly to human end users. Web Services make it easy to build applications that integrate features from remote sources. For example, you can write a Web Service that provides weather information for subscribers of your service instead of having subscribers link to a page or parse through a file they download from your site. Clients can simply call a method on your Web Service as if they are calling a method on a component installed on their system - and have the weather information available in an easy-to-use format that they can integrate into their own applications or Web sites with no trouble. Introducing ASP. NET ASP. NET, the next version of ASP, is a programming framework that is used to create enterprise-class Web applications. The enterprise-class Web applications are accessible on a global basis, leading to efficient information management. However, the advantages that ASP. NET offers make it more than just the next version of ASP. ASP. NET is integrated with Visual Studio . NET, which provides a GUI designer, a rich toolbox, and a fully integrated debugger. This allows the development of applications in a What You See is What You Get (WYSIWYG) manner. Therefore, creating ASP. NET applications is much simpler. Unlike the ASP runtime, ASP. NET uses the Common Language Runtime (CLR) provided by the . NET Framework. The CLR is the . NET runtime, which manages the execution of code. The CLR allows the objects, which are created in different languages, to interact with each other and hence removes the language barrier. CLR thus makes Web application development more efficient. In addition to simplifying the designing of Web applications, the . NET CLR offers many advantages. Some of these advantages are listed as follows. Improved performance: The ASP. NET code is a compiled CLR code instead of an interpreted code. The CLR provides just-in-time compilation, native optimization, and caching. Here, it is important to note that compilation is a two-stage process in the . NET Framework. First, the code is compiled into the Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). Then, at the execution time, the MSIL is compiled into native code. Only the portions of the code that are actually needed will be compiled into native code. This is called Just In Time compilation. These features lead to an overall improved performance of ASP. NET applications. Flexibility: The entire . NET class library can be accessed by ASP. NET applications. You can use the language that best applies to the type of functionality you want to implement, because ASP. NET is language independent. Configuration settings: The application-level configuration settings are stored in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) format. The XML format is a hierarchical text format, which is easy to read and write. This format makes it easy to apply new settings to applications without the aid of any local administration tools. Security: ASP. NET applications are secure and use a set of default authorization and authentication schemes. However, you can modify these schemes according to the security needs of an application. In addition to this list of advantages, the ASP. NET framework makes it easy to migrate from ASP applications. Creating an ASP. NET Application After youve set up the development environment for ASP. NET, you can create your first ASP. NET Web application. You can create an ASP. NET Web application in one of the following ways: Use a text editor: In this method, you can write the code in a text editor, such as Notepad, and save the code as an ASPX file. You can save the ASPX file in the directory C:inetpubwwwroot. Then, to display the output of the Web page in Internet Explorer, you simply need to type http://localhost/. aspx in the Address box. If the IIS server is installed on some other machine on the network, replacelocalhost with the name of the server. If you save the file in some other directory, you need to add the file to a virtual directory in the Default WebSite directory on the IIS server. You can also create your own virtual directory and add the file to it. Use the VS. NET IDE: In this method, you use the IDE of Visual Studio . NET to create a Web page in a WYSIWYG manner. Also, when you create a Web application, the application is automatically created on a Web server (IIS server). You do not need to create a separate virtual directory on the IIS server. Characteristics Pages ASP. NET pages, known officially as web forms, are the main building block for application development. Web forms are contained in files with an ASPX extension; in programming jargon, these files typically contain static (X)HTML markup, as well as markup defining server-side Web Controls and User Controls where the developers place all the required static and dynamic content for the web page. Additionally, dynamic code which runs on the server can be placed in a page within a block which is similar to other web development technologies such as PHP, JSP, and ASP, but this practice is generally discouraged except for the purposes of data binding since it requires more calls when rendering the page. Note that this sample uses code inline, as opposed to code behind. protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { Label1. Text = DateTime. Now. ToLongDateString(); } Sample page The current time is: Code-behind model It is recommended by Microsoft for dealing with dynamic program code to use the code-behind model, which places this code in a separate file or in a specially designated script tag. Code-behind files typically have names like MyPage. aspx. cs or MyPage. aspx. vb based on the ASPX file name (this practice is automatic in Microsoft Visual Studio and other IDEs). When using this style of programming, the developer writes code to respond to different events, like the page being loaded, or a control being clicked, rather than a procedural walk through the document. ASP. NETs code The above tag is placed at the beginning of the ASPX file. The CodeFile property of the @ Page directive specifies the file (. cs or . b) acting as the code-behind while the Inherits property specifies the Class the Page derives from. In this example, the @ Page directive is included in SamplePage. aspx, then SampleCodeBehind. aspx. cs acts as the code-behind for this page: using System; namespace Website { public partial class SampleCodeBehind : System. Web. UI. Page { protected override void Page_Load(EventArgs e) { base. OnLoad(e); } } } In this case, the Page_Load () method is called every time the ASPX page is requested. The programmer can implement event handlers at several stages of the page execution process to perform processing. User controls ASP. NET supports creating reusable components through the creation of User Controls. A User Control follows the same structure as a Web Form, except that such controls are derived from the System. Web. UI. UserControl class, and are stored in ASCX files. Like ASPX files, a ASCX contains static HTML or XHTML markup, as well as markup defining web control and other User Controls. The code-behind model can be used. Programmers can add their own properties, methods, and event handlers. An event bubbling mechanism provides the ability to pass an event fired by a user control up to its containing page. Template engine When first released, ASP. NET lacked a template engine. Because the . NET framework is object-oriented and allows for inheritance, many developers would define a new base class that inherits from System. Web. UI. Page, write methods here that render HTML, and then make the pages in their application inherit from this new class. While this allows for common elements to be reused across a site, it adds complexity and mixes source code with markup. Furthermore, this method can only be visually tested by running the application not while designing it. Other developers have used include files and other tricks to avoid having to implement the same navigation and other elements in every page. ASP. NET 2. 0 introduced the concept of master pages, which allow for template-based page development. A web application can have one or more master pages, which can be nested. Master templates have place-holder controls, called ContentPlaceHolders to denote where the dynamic content goes, as well as HTML and JavaScript shared across child pages. Child pages use those ContentPlaceHolder controls, which must be mapped to the place-holder of the master page that the content page is populating. The rest of the page is defined by the shared parts of the master page, much like a mail merge in a word processor. All markup and server controls in the content page must be placed within the ContentPlaceHolder control. When a request is made for a content page, ASP. NET merges the output of the content page with the output of the master page, and sends the output to the user. The master page remains fully accessible to the content page. This means that the content page may still manipulate headers, change title, configure caching etc. If the master page exposes public properties or methods (e. . for setting copyright notices) the content page can use these as well. Performance ASP. NET aims for performance benefits over other script-based technologies (including Classic ASP) by compiling the server-side code to one or more DLL files on the web server. This compilation happens automatically the first time a page is requested (which means the developer need not perform a separate com pilation step for pages). This feature provides the ease of development offered by scripting languages with the performance benefits of a compiled binary. However, the compilation might cause a noticeable but short delay to the web user when the newly-edited page is first requested from the web server, but wont again unless the page requested is updated further. The ASPX and other resource files are placed in a virtual host on an Internet Information Services server (or other compatible ASP. NET servers; see Other Implementations, below). The first time a client requests a page, the . NET framework parses and compiles the file(s) into a . NET assembly and sends the response; subsequent requests are served from the DLL files. By default ASP. NET will compile the entire site in batches of 1000 files upon first request. If the compilation delay is causing problems, the batch size or the compilation strategy may be tweaked. Developers can also choose to pre-compile their code before deployment, eliminating the need for just-in-time compilation in a production environment. Database Queries The most common operation in SQL databases is the query, which is performed with the declarative SELECT keyword. SELECT retrieves data from a specified table, or multiple related tables, in a database. While often grouped with Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements, the standard SELECT query is considered separate from SQL DML, as it has no persistent effects on the data stored in a database. Note that there are some platform-specific variations of SELECT that can persist their effects in a database, such as the SELECT INTO syntax that exists in some databases. SQL queries allow the user to specify a description of the desired result set, but it is left to the devices of the database management system (DBMS) to plan, optimize, and perform the physical operations necessary to produce that result set in as efficient a manner as possible. An SQL query includes a list of columns to be included in the final result immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk (*) can also be used as a wildcard indicator to specify that all available columns of a table (or multiple tables) are to be returned. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with several optional keywords and clauses, including: The FROM clause which indicates the source table or tables from which the data is to be retrieved. The FROM clause can include optional JOIN clauses to join related tables to one another based on user-specified criteria. The WHERE clause includes a comparison predicate, which is used to restrict the number of rows returned by the query. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause. The WHERE clause eliminates all rows from the result set where the comparison predicate does not evaluate to True. The GROUP BY clause is used to combine, or group, rows with related values into elements of a smaller set of rows. GROUP BY is often used in conjunction with SQL aggregate functions or to eliminate duplicate rows from a result set. The HAVING clause includes a comparison predicate used to eliminate rows after the GROUP BY clause is applied to the result set. Because it acts on the results of the GROUP BY clause, aggregate functions can be used in the HAVING clause predicate. The ORDER BY clause is used to identify which columns are used to sort the resulting data, and in which order they should be sorted (options are ascending or descending). The order of rows returned by an SQL query is never guaranteed unless an ORDER BY clause is specified. The following is an example of a SELECT query that returns a list of expensive books. The query retrieves all rows from the Book table in which the price column contains a value greater than 100. 00. The result is sorted in ascending order by title. The asterisk (*) in the select list indicates that all columns of the Book table should be included in the result set. SELECT * FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 ORDER BY title; The example below demonstrates the use of multiple tables in a join, grouping, and aggregation in an SQL query, by returning a list of books and the number of authors associated with each book. SELECT Book. title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book JOIN Book_author ON Book. isbn = Book_author. isbn GROUP BY Book. title; Example output might resemble the following: Title Authors s and Guide 3 The Joy of SQL 1 How to use Wikipedia 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 How SQL Saved my Dog 1 (The underscore character _ is often used as part of table and column names to separate descriptive words because other punctuation tends to conflict with SQL syntax. For example, a dash - would be interpreted as a minus sign. ) Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only xists in the Books table, the above query could be rewritten in the following form: SELECT title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book NATURAL JOIN Book_author GROUP BY title; However, many vendors either do not support this approach, or it requires certain column naming conventions. Thus, it is less common in practice. Data retrieval is very often combined with data projection when the user is looking for calculated values and not just the verbatim data stored in primitive data types, or when the data needs to be expressed in a form that is d ifferent from how its stored. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example which returns a list of books that cost more than 100. 00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price. SELECT isbn, title, price, price * 0. 06 AS sales_tax FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 ORDER BY title; Some modern day SQL queries may include extra WHERE statements that are conditional to each other. They may look like this example: SELECT isbn, title, price, date FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 AND (date = 16042004 OR date = 16042005) ORDER BY title; Chapter 7 System Design E-R DIAGRAM: The following DFD shows how the working of a reservation system could be smoothly managed: DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: We have STARBUS as our database and some of our tables (relation) are such as AGENT_BASIC_INFO, FEEDBACK, PASSANGER_INFO, STATIS and TIMELIST STARBUS In our table AGENT_BASIC_INFO we have following field such as agent_id, agent_name, agent_name, agent_fname, agent_shop_name, agent_shop_address, agent_shop_city, agent_phon_number etc. AGENT_BASIC_INFO In our FEEDBACK table we have fields like name, Email, Phon, Subject, Comment, and User_type. In our table PASSANGER_INFO we have filed like bill_no, c_name, c_phone, c_to, c_from, c_time, Ttalseat, Seatnumber, Amount, Agent_id and Status. In the table of TIME_LIST we have fields such as Sno, Satation_name, Rate_per_seat, Time, Reach_time and Bus_number. PROCESS LOGIC: As the privatization of buses is increasing thus the need of its smooth management is also increasing the more we could facilitate the customers, the more they are comfortable with us, the more customers we have visiting our reservation unit . the above tables and modules facilitates many logics like: ? Number of buses in one unit Number of computers in particular department ?Number of users in a department ?Which bus has what tour on which day ?What are time table for different buses of different department ? What are the schedule for buses ?Schedule of a particular bus ?How many buses are there ?Each bus has how many seats ?How many seats are occupied ?Advance booking for seat ?How much money is collected in a particular day ?Bills for different customers ?Which seat has booked by agent 1. Index page This webpage is the starting page of the Website. It gives the followings: ?TollFree number of the other city. Display advantage of the StarBus ?Links for Agent list and seat status. ?Links for Feedback, FAQ, Terms and Conditions. 2. Status. As in the above image the Status webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Information about the booking which seat is booked and which is empty. 3. Agent name. As in the above image the Agent name webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Contains information about name, address and phone number of the agent. 4. Feedback As in the above image Feedback webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?Anyone can give feedback related to the site or services. Links for Terms and Condition’s and Policy and Privacy. 5. FAQ As in the above image FAQ webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?Contain information about tour a nd services of web site. Such as how many agent office are there and what is the mode Of the pament. 6. Privacy Policy: As in the above image the Privacy and Policy webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?This page say that when customer using our services, we required information about customer his/her name, age, route and email so that we can inform them to there email also. 7. Terms and Conditions. As in the above image the Terms and Conditions webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Useful for customer ?Contain information when to reach the starting point and what should do, in case when our ticket is lost. 8. Login page As in the image Login webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by the agent. ?Agent entered its user name and password and click on login. ?Contain link for Forget Password. 9. Forget Password Page As in the image Forget Password webpage is displaying: ?It required user name who forget its password and then click on Next button. ?And also provide link for administration and other. 0. Identity Confirmation. As in the above image Identify Confirmation for user webpage is displaying: ?The Question you have select at the time of registration. ?You need to enter the answer for that question. ?After click on Next button. You will get your password on the show password webpage. 11. Ticket Booking page. As in the above image the ticket booking page is displaying: ?Only a ccessed by the agent. ?Select the destination, departure date and time. 11. Select Seat page As in the above image the Select Seat page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the agent. ?Red seat indicates booked seat. You can choose rest of the seat. It will be converted into green seat. 12. Customer Information page As in the above image the Customer Information webpage is displaying: ?After selecting the seat. ?Agent enters the name and phnumber of the customer. ?Click on Go button for printing the ticket. 13. Ticket Print page As in the above image the Ticket print webpage is displaying: ?This page prints the Customer ticket. ?This contain customer information such as name, destination, Number of seat. ?These also reduce the agent balance. 14. Search Ticket. As in the above image the Ticket Search webpage is displaying: Only accessed by the Agent and Administration. ? Using PNR number, Agent can search the ticket. 15. Ticket Cancellation As in the above image the Ticket cancellation webpage is displaying- ?Only accessed by the Agent and Administration ?Using PNR number, Agent can see the status ticket. 16. Change Password As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Agent ?Agent can change password by entering the old and new password Administrator Section: 17. Create Agent: As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Administrator. New agents are added by this page ?Required following information:- ?Username ?Password ?Email ?Security Question. ?Security Answer. ?After click on Create user button it will send you on Agent Basic Information webpage. 18. Agent Basic Information page As in the above image the agent’s Basic information web page is displaying: ?Agents Basic Information are added by this page ? Required following information are :- ?Name ?Father’s Name ?Shop Name ?Shop City ?Shop phone number ?Mobile Number ?Deposit amount 19. Agent List page As in the above image the agent’s List web page is displaying: Only accessed by the Administrator. ?Displaying Agent information such as:- ?Agent ID ?Name ?Shop Name ?Shop City ?Current Balance ?Mobile Number 20. A gent Deposit Amount Page As in the above image the agent’s Deposit Amount web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Administrator. ?Requires agent name and amount he wants to deposit. 21. Search Agent Page Bus List: Feedback List: Chapter 8 System Testing System Testing Once source code has been generated, software must be tested to uncover (and correct) as many errors as possible before delivery to customer. Our goal is to design a series of test cases that have a high likelihood of finding errors. To uncover the errors software techniques are used. These techniques provide systematic guidance for designing test that (1) Exercise the internal logic of software components, and (2) Exercise the input and output domains of the program to uncover errors in program function, behavior and performance. 8. 1 Steps. Software is tested from two different perspectives: (1)Internal program logic is exercised using â€Å"White box† test case design techniques. (2)Software requirements are exercised using â€Å"block box† test case design techniques. In both cases, the intent is to find the maximum number of errors with the minimum amount of effort and time. 8. 2 Strategies A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high-level tests that validate major system functions against customer requirements. A strategy must provide guidance for the practitioner and a set of milestones for the manager. Because the steps of the test strategy occur at a time when deadline pressure begins to rise, progress must be measurable and problems must surface as earl as possible. Following testing techniques are well known and the same strategy is adopted during this project testing. 8. 2. 1 Unit testing: Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design- the software component or module. The unit test is white-box oriented. The module interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows into and of the program unit under test the local data structure has been examined to ensure that data stored temporarily maintains its integrity during all steps in an algorithm’s execution. Boundary conditions are tested to ensure that the module operated properly at boundaries established to limit or restrict processing. All independent paths through the control structure are exercised to ensure that all statements in a module haven executed at least once. 8. 2. 2 Integration testing: Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while at the same time conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective of this test is to take unit tested components and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. . 2. 3 Validation testing: At the culmination of integration testing, software is completely assembled as a package, interfacing errors have been uncovered and corrected, and a final series of software tests- validation testing-may begin. Validation can be defined in many ways, but a simple definition is that validation succeeds when software functions in a manner that can be reasonably expected b y the customer. 8. 2. 4 System testing:System testing is actually a series of different tests whose primary purpose is to fully exercise the computer-based system. Below we have described the two types of testing which have been taken for this project. 8. 2. 4. 1 Security testing Any computer-based system that manages sensitive information causes actions that can improperly harm (or benefit) individuals is a target for improper or illegal penetration. Penetration spans a broad range of activities: hackers who attempt to penetrate system for sport; disgruntled employees who attempt to penetrate for revenge; dishonest individuals who attempt to penetrate for illicit personal gain. For security purposes, when anyone who is not authorized user cannot penetrate this system. When programs first load it check for correct username and password. If any fails to act according will be simply ignored by the system. 8. 2. 4. 2 Performance Testing Performance testing is designed to test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated system. Performance testing occurs throughout all steps in the testing process. Even at the unit level, the performance of an individual module may be assessed as white-box tests are conducted. 8. 3. Criteria for Completion of Testing Every time the customer/user executes a compute program, the program is being tested. This sobering fact underlines the importance of other software quality assurance activities. As much time we run our project that is still sort of testing as Musa and Ackerman said. They have suggested a response that is based on statistical criteria: â€Å"No, we cannot be absolutely certain that the software will never fail, but relative to a theoretically sound and experimentally validated statistical model, we have done sufficient testing to say with 95 percent confidence that the probability of 1000 CPU hours of failure free operation in a probabilistically defined environment is at least 0. 95. † 8. 4 Validation Checks Software testing is one element of broader topic that is often referred to as verification and validation. Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function. Validation refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements . Boehm state this another way: Verification:â€Å"Are we building the product right? † Validation:â€Å"Are we building the right product? † Validation checks are useful when we specify the nature of data input. Let us elaborate what I mean. In this project while entering the data to many text box you will find the use of validation checks. When you try to input wrong data. Your entry will be automatically abandoned. In the very beginning of the project when user wishes to enter into the project, he has to supply the password. This password is validated to certain string, till user won’t supply correct word of string for password he cannot succeed. When you try to edit the record for the trainee in Operation division you will find the validation checks. If you supply the number (digits) for name text box, you won’t get the entry; similarly if you data for trainee code in text (string) format it will be simply abandoned. A validation check facilitates us to work in a greater way. It become necessary for certain Applications like this. Chapter 9 System Implementation Specification, regardless of the mode through which we accomplish it, may be viewed as a representation process. Requirements are represented in manner that ultimately leads to successful software implementation. 9. 1 Specification principles A number of specification principles, adapted from the work of balzer and Goodman can be proposed: 1. Separate functionality from implementation. 2. Develop a model of the desired behavior of a system that encompasses date and the functional responses of a system to various stimuli from the environment. 3. Establish the context in which software operates by specifying the manner in which other system components interact with software. 4. Define the environment in which the system operates. 5. Create a cognitive model rather than a design or implementation model. The cognitive model describes a system as perceived by its user community. 6. Recognize that â€Å"the specifications must be tolerant of incompleteness and augmentable. † 7. Establish the content and structure of a specification in a way that will enable it to be amenable to change. This list of basic specification principles provides a basis for representing software requirements. However, principles must be translated into realization. 9. 1. 2 Representation As we know software requirement may be specified in a variety of ways. However, if requirements are committed to paper a simple set of guidelines is well worth following: Representation format and content should be relevant to the problem. A general outline for the contents of a Software Requirements Specification can be developed. However, the representation forms contained within the specification are likely to vary with the application area. For example, for our automation system we used different symbology, diagrams. Information contained within the specification should be nested. Representations should reveal layers of information so that a reader can move to the level of detail required. Paragraph and diagram numbering schemes should indicate the level of detail that is being presented. It is sometimes worthwhile to present the same information at different levels of abstraction to aid in understanding. Similar guidelines are adhered for my project. Chapter 10 Conclusion To conclude, Project Grid works like a component which can access all the databases and picks up different functions. It overcomes the many limitations incorporated in the . NET Framework. Among the many features availed by the project, the main among them are: Simple editing Insertion of individual images on each cell Insertion of individual colors on each cell Flicker free scrolling Drop-down grid effect Placing of any type of control anywhere in the grid Chapter 11 Scope of the Project Future scope of the project: The project has a very vast scope in future. The project can be implemented on internet in future. Project can be updated in near future as and when requirement for the same arises, as it is very flexible in terms of expansion. With the proposed software of Web Space Manager ready and fully functional the client is now able to manage and hence run the entire work in a much better, accurate and error free manner. The following are the future scope for the project: ?The number of levels that the software is handling can be made unlimited in future from the current status of handling up to N levels as currently laid down by the software. Efficiency can be further enhanced and boosted up to a great extent by normalizing and de-normalizing the database tables used in the project as well as taking the kind of the alternative set of data structures and advanced calculation algorithms available. We can in future generalize the application from its current customized status wherein other vendors developing and working on similar applications can utilize this software and make changes to it according to their business needs. ?Faster processing of information as compared to the current system with high accuracy and reliability. ?Automatic and error free report generation as per the specified format with ease. ?Automatic calculation and generation of correct and precise Bills thus reducing much of the workload on the accounting staff and the errors arising due to manual calculations. With a fully automated solution, lesser staff, better space utilization and peaceful work environment, the company is bound to experience high turnover. A future application of this system lies in the fact that the proposed system would remain relevant in the future. In case there be any additions or deletion of the services, addition or deletion of any reseller in any type of modification in future can be implemented easily. The data collected by the system will be useful for some other purposes also. All these result in high client-satisfaction, hence, more and more business for the company that will scale the company business to new heights in the forthcoming future. References References: Complete Reference of C# Programming in C# Deitel Deitel www. w3schools. com http://en. wikipedia. org The principles of Software Engineering – Roger S. Pressman Software Engineering – Hudson MSDN help provided by Microsoft . NET Object Oriented Programming – Deitel Deitel